Pages: For journal articles, give the entire page range of an article, not the specific page on which the information was found. For example: Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 38(10), 1327-33. Journal references: Give the journal title written in full, a comma, volume number, issue number in parentheses if available, comma, and the page range, followed by a period. If there is an edition it appears after the title, abbreviated, in parentheses, and followed by a period, for example (3rd ed.). Book references: Give the title, edition, city of publication, and publisher. The rest of the title is in lowercase, with the exception of proper names. Title: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in the title, and the first word in the subtitle. Date: The year goes after the authors, in parentheses and followed by a period, for example (2003). For edited books with chapters written by individual authors, list the authors of the chapter first, then the year, and the chapter title, followed by "In", the editors' names, then (Eds.), and the book title (see the Phillips example). If the number of authors exceeds six, list the first six followed by "et al." (see the Senden example). When listing two to six authors, place commas between them and use an ampersand (&) before the last author's name. Authors: List the author's last name, followed by a comma and initials separated by periods and spaces. Order of entries: List all references in alphabetical order. The last page of your paper is entitled References. Quote 40 or more words in a double-spaced block of text indented 5 spaces from the left margin, without quotation marks. Incorporate short quotes of fewer than 40 words into the text and place quotation marks around the quote. Direct quotes are to be used very sparingly. Also, take care to critically evaluate the reliability and scholarly relevance of the information. Internet sources may, in time, be deleted, changed, or moved, so it is a good idea to keep a hard copy for your records. Lutes (personal communication, September 28, 1998) Lutes, personal communication, September 28, 1998) OR T.K. Do not include it in the reference list instead cite the last name and initials of the person and date of communication in parentheses in the text. Personal communication used as a citation should be avoided, unless it provides essential information not available from a public source. (The Michener Institute, 2002) OR The Michener Institute (2002) reported that.
Groups as authors: Corporation, association, and government names are given in full in the first citation, and may be abbreviated thereafter if the name is long. (2001) If two references with the same year shorten to the same form, cite the name of the first authors and as many of the subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish the two references, followed by a comma and et al. Six or more authors: Use only the first author followed by et al. Omit the year if the subsequent citation is in the same paragraph. First citation: (Johnson, Brunn, & Platt, 2002) OR Johnson, Brunn and Platt (2002) Subsequent citations: (Johnson et al., 2002). Three to five authors: Use all authors' names and year, the first time the reference occurs in subsequent citations, include only the first author followed by "et al." and the year. (Ringsven & Bond, 1996) OR In their study, Ringsven and Bond (1996) Two authors: Use both authors' last names, separated by an ampersand if in parentheses. Single author: Use the author's last name, year.
This user guide explains how to cite references in APA style, both within the text of a paper and in a reference list, and gives examples of commonly used types of references. References According to the APA StyleThe APA style consists of rules and conventions for formatting term papers, journal articles, books, etc., in the behavioural and social sciences. Learning ResourcesFriends & Partners About MichenerĬatalogue / eJournals / Resources & Links / Services / User Guides / Hours & Location / Blackboard Support / Anatomy and Physiology Resource Centre / IPE Font Size: a | A Prospective Students Continuing Education International Students Alumni Research